Planning Process and Techniques

Characteristics of Planning

1.  Planning is goal-oriented.

1. Planning is made to achieve desired objective of business.
2. The goals established should general acceptance otherwise individual efforts & energies will go misguided and misdirected.
3. Planning identifies the action that would lead to desired goals quickly & economically.
4. It provides sense of direction to various activities. E.g. Maruti Udhyog is trying to capture once again Indian Car Market by launching diesel models.

2.  Planning is looking ahead.

1. Planning is done for future.
2. It requires peeping in future, analyzing it and predicting it.
3. Thus planning is based on forecasting.
4. A plan is a synthesis of forecast.
5. It is a mental predisposition for things to happen in future.

3.  Planning is an intellectual process.

1. Planning is a mental exercise involving creative thinking, sound judgement and imagination.
2. It is not a mere guesswork but a rotational thinking.
3. A manager can prepare sound plans only if he has sound judgement, foresight and imagination.
4. Planning is always based on goals, facts and considered estimates.

4.  Planning involves choice & decision making.

1. Planning essentially involves choice among various alternatives.
2. Therefore, if there is only one possible course of action, there is no need planning because there is no choice.
3. Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning.
4. A manager is surrounded by no. of alternatives. He has to pick the best depending upon requirements & resources of the enterprises.

5.  Planning is the primary function of management / Primacy of Planning.

1. Planning lays foundation for other functions of management.
2. It serves as a guide for organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
3. All the functions of management are performed within the framework of plans laid out.
4. Therefore planning is the basic or fundamental function of management.

6.  Planning is a Continuous Process.

1. Planning is a never ending function due to the dynamic business environment.
2. Plans are also prepared for specific period f time and at the end of that period, plans are subjected to revaluation and review in the light of new requirements and changing conditions.
3. Planning never comes into end till the enterprise exists issues, problems may keep cropping up and they have to be tackled by planning effectively.

7.  Planning is all Pervasive.

1. It is required at all levels of managementand in all departments of enterprise.
2. Of course, the scope of planning may differ from one level to another.
3. The top level may be more concerned about planning the organization as a whole whereas the middle level may be more specific in departmental plans and the lower level plans implementation of the same.

8.  Planning is designed for efficiency.

1. Planning leads to accompishment of objectives at the minimum possible cost.
2. It avoids wastage of resources and ensures adequate and optimum utilization of resources.
3. A plan is worthless or useless if it does not value the cost incurred on it.
4. Therefore planning must lead to saving of time, effort and money.
5. Planning leads to proper utilization of men, money, materials, methods and machines.

9.  Planning is Flexible.

1. Planning is done for the future.
2. Since future is unpredictable, planning must provide enough room to cope with the changes in customer’s demand, competition, govt. policies etc.
3. Under changed circumstances, the original plan of action must be revised and updated to male it more practical.

Planning means looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action.

It is rightly said “Well plan is half done”. Therefore planning takes into consideration available & prospective human and physical resources of the organization so as to get effective co-ordination, contribution & perfect adjustment. It is the basic management function which includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources.

According to Urwick, “Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals.

According to Koontz & O’Donell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”.

Steps in Planning Function

Planning function of management involves following steps:-

1.  Establishment of objectives

1. Planning requires a systematic approach.
2. Planning starts with the setting of goals and objectives to be achieved.
3. Objectives provide a rationale for undertaking various activities as well as indicate direction of efforts.
4. Moreover objectives focus the attention of managers on the end results to be achieved.
5. As a matter of fact, objectives provide nucleus to the planning process. Therefore, objectives should be stated in a clear, precise and unambiguous language. Otherwise the activities undertaken are bound to be ineffective.
6. As far as possible, objectives should be stated in quantitative terms. For example, Number of men working, wages given, units produced, etc. But such an objective cannot be stated in quantitative terms like performance of quality control manager, effectiveness of personnel manager.
7. Such goals should be specified in qualitative terms.
8. Hence objectives should be practical, acceptable, workable and achievable.

2.  Establishment of Planning Premises

1. Planning premises are the assumptions about the lively shape of events in future.
2. They serve as a basis of planning.
3. Establishment of planning premises is concerned with determining where one tends to deviate from the actual plans and causes of such deviations.
4. It is to find out what obstacles are there in the way of business during the course of operations.
5. Establishment of planning premises is concerned to take such steps that avoids these obstacles to a great extent.
6. Planning premises may be internal or external. Internal includes capital investment policy, management labour relations, philosophy of management, etc. Whereas external includes socio- economic, political and economical changes.
7. Internal premises are controllable whereas external are non- controllable.

3.  Choice of alternative course of action

1. When forecast are available and premises are established, a number of alternative course of actions have to be considered.
2. For this purpose, each and every alternative will be evaluated by weighing its pros and cons in the light of resources available and requirements of the organization.
3. The merits, demerits as well as the consequences of each alternative must be examined before the choice is being made.
4. After objective and scientific evaluation, the best alternative is chosen.
5. The planners should take help of various quantitative techniques to judge the stability of an alternative.

4.  Formulation of derivative plans

1. Derivative plans are the sub plans or secondary plans which help in the achievement of main plan.
2. Secondary plans will flow from the basic plan. These are meant to support and expediate the achievement of basic plans.
3. These detail plans include policies, procedures, rules, programmes, budgets, schedules, etc. For example, if profit maximization is the main aim of the enterprise, derivative plans will include sales maximization, production maximization, and cost minimization.
4. Derivative plans indicate time schedule and sequence of accomplishing various tasks.

5.  Securing Co-operation

After the plans have been determined, it is necessary rather advisable to take subordinates or those who have to implement these plans into confidence.

The purposes behind taking them into confidence are :-

• Subordinates may feel motivated since they are involved in decision making process.
• The organization may be able to get valuable suggestions and improvement in formulation as well as implementation of plans.
• Also the employees will be more interested in the execution of these plans.

6.  Follow up/Appraisal of plans

1. After choosing a particular course of action, it is put into action.
2. After the selected plan is implemented, it is important to appraise its effectiveness.
3. This is done on the basis of feedback or information received from departments or persons concerned.
4. This enables the management to correct deviations or modify the plan.
5. This step establishes a link between planning and controlling function.
6. The follow up must go side by side the implementation of plans so that in the light of observations made, future plans can be made more realistic.