A forward rate agreement (FRA) is a cash-settled OTC contract between two counterparties, where the buyer is borrowing (and the seller is lending) a notional sum at a fixed interest rate (the FRA rate) and for a specified period of time starting at an agreed date in the future.
An FRA is basically a forward-starting loan, but without the exchange of the principal. The notional amount is simply used to calculate interest payment. By enabling market participants to trade today at an interest rate that will be effective at some point in the future, FRAs allow them to hedge their interest rate exposure on future engagements.
Concretely, the buyer of the FRA, who locks in a borrowing rate, will be protected against a rise in interest rates and the seller, who obtains a fixed lending rate, will be protected against a fall in interest rates. If the interest rates neither fall nor rise, nobody will benefit.
The life of an FRA is composed of two periods of time – the waiting period, or forward, and the contract period. The waiting period is the period up until the start of the notional loan and may last up to 12 months although durations of up to 6 months are most common. The contract period spans the duration of the notional loan and can also last up to 12 months.
FRA terminology
Below a short listing of the terms used for the different elements and events of an FRA:
| Contract rate (or FRA rate) | The interest rate the two contracting parties negotiate on trade date. This rate will be compared to the settlement rate when calculating the settlement amount. It starts on the settlement (d3) date and ends on maturity date (d4) |
| Contract period | The time between the settlement date and maturity date of the notional loan. This period can go up to 12 months. |
| Currency | The currency in which the FRA’s notional amount is denominated. |
| Fixing date | This is the date on which the reference rate is determined, that is, the rate to which the FRA rate is compared. |
| FRA buyer | By convention, the buyer of an FRA is the contracting party that borrows at the FRA rate (contract rate). |
| FRA seller | By convention, the seller of an FRA is the contracting party that lends at the FRA rate (contract rate). |
| Master agreement | Usually, counterparties sign a master agreement between each other before entering into an OTC contract because doing so without a master agreement in place would mean huge amounts of paperwork having to be generated and processed for each single deal. |
| Maturity date | The date on which the notional loan is deemed to expire. |
| Notional amount | This is the notional sum for which the interest rate will be guaranteed and on which all interest calculations will be based. |
| Reference rate | The interest rate index the FRA rate will be compared against in order to determine the settlement amount. This will generally be an IBOR-type rate index with the same duration as the FRA’s contract period. (for example 6-month EURIBOR for an FRA in euros with a 6-month contract period). |
| Settlement amount | The amount calculated as the difference between the FRA rate and the reference rate as a percentage of the notional sum, paid by one party to the other on the settlement date. The settlement amount is calculated after the fixing date, for payment on the settlement date. |
| Settlement date | The date on which the notional loan period (the contract period) begins and on which the settlement amount is being paid. |
| Spot date | The date on which the FRA. Usually two business days after the trade date. |
| Trade date | The date on which the FRA is negotiated between the two counterparties. |
| Waiting period | The period comprised between the value date (d1) and the settlement date (d3). |
Calculation of the settlement amount of an FRA
The amount to be exchanged on settlement date – the settlement amount – is calculated as described below. For the sake of clarity, the calculation has been split into two parts, but normally it is one single calculation.
Step 1 – calculation of the interest differential
The interest differential is the result of the comparison between the FRA rate and the settlement rate. It is calculated as follows:
Interest differential = | (Settlement rate − Contract rate) | × (Days in contract period/360) × Notional amount
Step 2 – calculation of the settlement amount
As stated above, the settlement amount is paid upfront (at the start of the contract period), whereas interbank rates like LIBOR or EURIBOR are for operations with interest payment in arrears (at the end of the loan period). To account for this, the interest differential needs to be discounted, using the settlement rate as a discount rate. The settlement amount is thus calculated as the present value of the interest differential:
Settlement amount = Interest differential / [1 + Settlement rate × (Days in contract period ⁄ 360)]
If the settlement rate is higher than the contract rate, then it is the FRA seller who has to pay the settlement amount to the buyer. If the contract rate is higher than the settlement rate, then it is the FRA buyer who has to pay the settlement amount to the seller. If contract rate and settlement rate are equal, then no payment is made.
The complete formula used to calculate the settlement amount is the following:
S=C⋅(rset−rfra)⋅(dmty−dset)/dbase
————————————-
1+((dmty−dset)dbase⋅rset)
Point on the formula to see its legend
To summarize:
- If settlement rate > contract rate, the FRA buyer receives the settlement amount
- If contract rate > settlement rate, the FRA seller receives the settlement amount
- If settlement rate = contract rate, no settlement amount is being paid
The FRA market
FRAs are money market instruments, and are traded by both banks and corporations. The FRA market is liquid in all major currencies, also by the presence of market makers, and rates are also quoted by a number of banks and brokers.
Usages of an FRA
An FRA can be used for different purposes:
- As already mentioned above, it can be used by market participants to hedge future borrowing or lending engagements against adverse movements in interest rates by fixing an interest rate today.
- It can further be used for trading purposes in which a market participant wants to make profits based on his expectations on the future development of interest rates.
- Lastly, it can be employed in arbitrage strategies where a market participant tries to take advantage of price differences between an FRAs and other interest rate instruments.
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