UNIDROIT
UNIDROIT (formally, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law; French: Institut international pour l’unification du droit privé) is an intergovernmental organization whose objective is to harmonize international private […]
Uniform Customs and Practices on Documentary credits
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) is a set of rules on the issuance and use of letters of credit. The UCP is utilized by bankers and […]
Vienna convention on Contract for International sale of Goods
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), sometimes known as the Vienna Convention is a multilateral treaty that establishes a uniform framework for international […]
General obligations, Specific obligations in GATs
Obligations of members General Obligations: These includes to all services and to all members. MFN Treatment: Most Favoured Nation treatment means treating one’s trading partners equally. Under GATS, if a […]
General Agreements on Trade in Services (GATS)
GATS envisage the objective of establishing a sound multilateral framework or principles and rules for trade in services. Many countries directly have laws, which restrict entry of foreign services enterprises […]
WTO jurisprudence on TBT and SPS Agreements, Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
The first step is to understand what a SPS measure is and what a TB (technical barrier) is. Annex 1 of the TBT agreement tells us that TBs can be […]
Agreement to Technical barriers to Trade
The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, commonly referred to as the TBT Agreement, is an international treaty administered by the World Trade Organization. It was last renegotiated during the […]
WTO and Environment Protection
The WTO came into existence in 1995 and the Committee on Trade and Environment was established as per a decision adopted during the Uruguay Round. Its main aim was to […]
Meaning of Trade in Services
The advanced economies are primarily service economies in the sense that the services sector generates the major share of employment as well as income in these economies. In the industrial […]
Financial Services in GATs
(a) This Annex applies to measures affecting the supply of financial services. Reference to the supply of a financial service in this Annex shall mean the supply of a service […]
Telecommunication Services in GATS
We have a fundamentally new world market for telecommunications at the close of the century. This development marks the closing of a policy circle in which the market has moved […]
India and the GATs
In the past five years, India has witnessed significant debate, brainstorming sessions and political drama over the issue of liberalizing retail services for foreign investors, particularly in the multi-brand sector. […]
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
Intellectual Property Rights are the rights given to persons/agencies for their creativity/innovations. These rights usually give the creator, an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain […]
IPRS Covered by TRIPs
The Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) is comprehensive in giving cover to all areas of technology, property, patents, trademarks, copyrights and so on. The TRIPs encourages upon […]
Rights of Patentees under the TRIPs
Relation to the Berne Convention Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto. However, Members shall not have rights or obligations […]
Compulsory Licensing in TRIPs
In 2001, WTO Members adopted a special Ministerial Declaration at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha to clarify ambiguities between the need for governments to apply the principles of public […]
